In the rugged mountains of northern Albania, a centuries-old tradition still survives in a few families. Under this custom, some women choose to live as men and are known as “Burrnesha,” a term that means “man” in Albanian.
These women take on the role of the head of the family and perform responsibilities traditionally carried out by men. However, they must pay a heavy price, they take a lifelong vow to never marry or have children.
A Tradition Based on Ancient Law
The tradition is based on the Kanun, an ancient tribal code that governed life in northern Albania for centuries.
If a family had no male heir, because all the sons had died or there were no sons, a daughter could choose to become a Burrnesha. After taking the vow, she was socially recognised as a man.
Living Life as a Man
After taking the vow, Burrnesha women wear men’s clothes and often adopt a male name. Society treats them as men.
They are allowed to own property, inherit family assets, lead the household, travel freely, visit markets and enjoy many rights that were once denied to women.
The vow is permanent. Once taken, it cannot be reversed. Breaking the promise could lead to social rejection and loss of respect. As a result, Burrnesha women remain unmarried and childless throughout their lives.
How Did This Tradition Begin?
In the past, the tradition helped families protect their honour, property and future. If the male members of a family died in war, illness or accidents, a daughter could become a Burrnesha and take responsibility for the family.
The community accepted this role, allowing her to lead the household.
A Tradition That Is Slowly Disappearing
Today, the practice has almost disappeared because of social and legal changes in Albania.
Women now have equal rights and greater access to education, jobs and opportunities. As a result, younger generations prefer to live normal lives instead of becoming Burrnesha.
Only a small number of Burrnesha are believed to remain today, and many of them are in their 70s or 80s. They still wear men’s clothing and continue to receive respect in their communities.
Their stories attract both local people and foreign journalists. The tradition also offers an interesting perspective on gender roles, showing how society adapted them in the past when families faced difficult circumstances.
First published on: Jul 07, 2026 04:46 PM IST
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