Donald Trump has left his 80th birthday party celebrations to travel to the G7 summit in France.
The talks between the leaders of the world’s most powerful democracies will address issues including Iran, Ukraine, global trade and many more that have caused friction between allies.
Hours before leaving Washington, Mr Trump announced an agreement to end the Iran war – a development that could change the dynamic during the talks taking place from Monday to Wednesday in Evian-les-Bains.
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Just days ago, when the Iran-US ceasefire was hanging by a thread amid resumed strikes, the gathering on the shores of Lake Geneva, Europe’s largest Alpine lake, appeared to be heading for stormy waters.
Analysts speculated that tempers could flare and that Mr Trump might not hang around for long in an Alpine spa town that has been enveloped in a security bubble for the G7 leaders and other guests invited by the event’s host, French president Emmanuel Macron.
Aside from France and the US, the other G7 nations are the UK, Canada, Germany, Italy and Japan.
Here is what to know about their latest annual summit:
– Summit outcomes could depend on Trump’s mood
Shared values and interests, leaders’ personal chemistry and the informality of G7 gatherings – which first came together in 1975 to brainstorm solutions for the ailing global economy – have facilitated discussions at previous meetings.
John Kirton, a G7 specialist at the University of Toronto, said: “Many of the great G7 summit initiatives have come from leaders’ spontaneous combustion, created by them on the spot, based on free, unrestricted dialogue about the values, memories and even the sports, like baseball, that they share.”
But Mr Trump’s relationships with European allies have been fraught even before he launched the Iran war with Israel in February without consulting them. The Evian gathering is their first get-together since then.
Allies Mr Trump berated for refusing to join the war are likely to greet any Iran deal with relief if it reopens the Strait of Hormuz and enables Persian Gulf energy exports to flow freely again.
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– Ukraine wants to make its case to Trump
As host, Mr Macron has packed the meatiest and potentially most contentious topics into the summit’s first 24 hours, including the Iran war and its impact on energy supplies and the Ukraine war that has largely slipped down the White House’s list of top priorities.
Tuesday’s morning session on Ukraine will afford invited guest president Volodymyr Zelensky an opportunity to showcase progress that Ukrainian forces are making against the Russian invasion.
If Mr Zelensky is able to convince Mr Trump that Russian president Vladimir Putin cannot achieve his aims in the war militarily, he might perhaps also be able to persuade him that Mr Putin should be pushed to the negotiating table.
After his Oval Office thrashing by Mr Trump and vice president JD Vance last year, Mr Zelensky now has “a significantly stronger hand”, said Maria Snegovaya, a Russia expert at the Centre for Strategic and International Studies, a Washington think tank.
The Trump administration “does tend to look more favourably at those states that have certain positions of power tilting in their favour”, she said.
– Uncertain outlook for talks on Iran
A lunch meeting on Tuesday on the Middle East could go any number of ways.
The US-Iran deal is expected to be signed on Friday, followed by technical talks on details over the next 60 days. Mr Trump will be pressed for more information about the terms of the agreement.
If it reopens the Strait of Hormuz, France and the UK are expected to make the case that they could help rid the narrow waterway of any mines and escort tankers through it.
They have been working on such plans with other nations, but have been waiting for a stable ceasefire to launch the mission.
G7 leaders are also expected to talk about developing other energy supply routes out of the Gulf, including via Egypt.
The Egyptian president, Abdel-Fattah el-Sissi, as well as Qatar’s ruling emir and the United Arab Emirates’ president will join those talks.
Mr Trump is also meeting with each of those regional leaders privately during the summit.
– A dense agenda of other issues
China – not a G7 member – is expected to be a focus of economic talks on Wednesday. G7 nations are concerned that China is flooding export markets with subsidized products, unfairly out-competing their own industries and destroying jobs.
China’s economy dwarfs those of all G7 nations except the United States.
Discussions are also scheduled on artificial intelligence, including how to protect young people online, and how to economically aid developing countries.
Indian prime minister Narendra Modi and Brazil’s president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva are attending some of the summit. So, too, are the leaders of South Korea and Kenya.
– G7 has been a force for more than 50 years
The G7 countries take turns hosting and organizing activities. France inherited the G7 presidency from Canada, last year’s summit host, and will pass it to the US in 2027.
The club’s first summit, in Rambouillet, France, in 1975, brought together the leaders of six nations – France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the UK and the US – for brainstorming on how to speed their recovery from the sharpest economic slump since the Second World War. Canada joined the following year, making the G7.
No G7 leader has ever skipped an annual summit, a perfect attendance record for more than 50 years, said Mr Kirton.
Membership has always been limited to democracies, enabling Russia to join as a fledgling democracy in 1998 but ruling out Communist Party-ruled China.
The club has broken off with Russia since 2014, when Mr Putin seized Crimea from Ukraine, foreshadowing the full-scale war now raging since 2022.